American Academy of Arts and Letters Award of Merit Brave New World

1932 dystopian scientific discipline fiction novel by Aldous Huxley

Dauntless New Earth

Kickoff edition cover past Leslie Holland
Writer	Aldous Huxley
Country	United Kingdom
Genre	Scientific discipline fiction, dystopian fiction
Publisher	Chatto & Windus
Publication date	1932
Pages	311 (1932 ed.) 63,766 words[1]
OCLC	20156268

Brave New Earth is a dystopian social science fiction novel by English writer Aldous Huxley, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Largely set in a futuristic World State, whose citizens are environmentally engineered into an intelligence-based social hierarchy, the novel anticipates huge scientific advancements in reproductive technology, slumber-learning, psychological manipulation and classical conditioning that are combined to make a dystopian lodge which is challenged by simply a single individual: the story's protagonist. Huxley followed this volume with a reassessment in essay form, Brave New World Revisited (1958), and with his final novel, Island (1962), the utopian counterpart. The novel is ofttimes compared to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (published 1949).

In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World at number 5 on its listing of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.^[2] In 2003, Robert McCrum, writing for The Observer, included Brave New Globe chronologically at number 53 in "the meridian 100 greatest novels of all time",^[3] and the novel was listed at number 87 on The Big Read survey by the BBC.^[4] Despite this, Dauntless New Globe has frequently been banned and challenged since its original publication. It has landed on the American Library Association list of top 100 banned and challenged books of the decade since the association began the list in 1990.^{[5] [six] [seven]}

Title [edit]

The title Brave New World derives from Miranda's oral communication in William Shakespeare's The Storm, Act V, Scene I:^[eight]

O wonder!
How many goodly creatures are at that place here!
How beauteous mankind is! O dauntless new world,
That has such people in't.

—William Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act 5, Scene I, ll. 203–206^[nine]

Shakespeare'southward apply of the phrase is intended ironically, as the speaker is failing to recognise the evil nature of the isle'southward visitors because of her innocence.^[x] Indeed, the next speaker replies to Miranda'due south innocent observation with the argument "They are new to thee..."

Translations of the title often insinuate to similar expressions used in domestic works of literature: the French edition of the work is entitled Le Meilleur des mondes (The Best of All Worlds), an allusion to an expression used by the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz^[xi] and satirised in Candide, Ou l'Optimisme past Voltaire (1759). The get-go Chinese translation, done past novelist Lily Hsueh and Aaron Jen-wang Hsueh in 1974, is entitled Meili xin shijie (Beautiful New World).

History [edit]

Huxley wrote Dauntless New World whilst living in Sanary-sur-Mer, France, in the four months from May to August 1931.^{[12] [xiii] [14]} By this time, Huxley had already established himself as a author and social satirist. He was a contributor to Vanity Fair and Vogue magazines, and had published a drove of his poetry (The Burning Wheel, 1916) and four successful satirical novels: Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923), Those Arid Leaves (1925), and Point Counter Signal (1928). Brave New World was Huxley's 5th novel and first dystopian work.

A passage in Crome Yellow contains a brief pre-figuring of Brave New Globe, showing that Huxley had such a future in heed already in 1921. Mr. Scogan, one of the before book's characters, describes an "impersonal generation" of the futurity that will "take the place of Nature's hideous system. In vast country incubators, rows upon rows of gravid bottles will supply the globe with the population it requires. The family organisation volition disappear; society, sapped at its very base, will have to find new foundations; and Eros, beautifully and irresponsibly gratuitous, will flit like a gay butterfly from blossom to flower through a sunlit globe."

Huxley said that Brave New Earth was inspired past the utopian novels of H. G. Wells, including A Modernistic Utopia (1905), and Men Like Gods (1923).^[15] Wells's hopeful vision of the future's possibilities gave Huxley the thought to begin writing a parody of the novels, which became Brave New Earth. He wrote in a letter to Mrs. Arthur Goldsmith, an American acquaintance, that he had "been having a little fun pulling the leg of H. G. Wells", just then he "got caught upwardly in the excitement of [his] own ideas."^[16] Dissimilar the about popular optimistic utopian novels of the time, Huxley sought to provide a frightening vision of the future. Huxley referred to Brave New Globe as a "negative utopia", somewhat influenced by Wells'south own The Sleeper Awakes (dealing with subjects like corporate tyranny and behavioural conditioning) and the works of D. H. Lawrence.^[17] For his office Wells published, 2 years after Dauntless New Earth, his own Utopian Shape of Things to Come. Seeking to refute the argument of Huxely'southward Mustafa Mond - that moronic underclasses were a necessary "social gyroscope" and that a society composed solely of intelligent, assertive "Alphas" would inevitably disintegrate is internecine struggle - Wells depicted a stable egalitarian society emerging later on several generations of a reforming elite having complete control of teaching throughout the globe. In the future depicted in Wells' volume, posterity remembers Huxley as "a reactionary writer".^[xviii]

The scientific futurism in Dauntless New World is believed to be appropriated from Daedalus ^[19] by J. B. S. Haldane.^[20]

The events of the Low in the UK in 1931, with its mass unemployment and the abandonment of the gold currency standard, persuaded Huxley to assert that stability was the "primal and ultimate need" if civilisation was to survive the present crisis.^[21] The Brave New World graphic symbol Mustapha Mond, Resident World Controller of Western Europe, is named after Sir Alfred Mond. Soon before writing the novel, Huxley visited Mond'south technologically advanced plant near Billingham, north east England, and it made a groovy impression on him.^{[21] : xxii}

Huxley used the setting and characters in his science fiction novel to express widely felt anxieties, particularly the fear of losing individual identity in the fast-paced globe of the future. An early trip to the U.s. gave Brave New World much of its character. Huxley was outraged by the culture of youth, commercial cheeriness, and sexual promiscuity, and the inward-looking nature of many Americans;^[22] he had also found the book My Life and Piece of work by Henry Ford on the boat to America, and he saw the book'southward principles applied in everything he encountered after leaving San Francisco.^{[21] : eight}

Plot [edit]

The novel opens in the Globe State city of London in AF (Afterwards Ford) 632 (Advert 2540 in the Gregorian calendar), where citizens are engineered through artificial wombs and childhood indoctrination programmes into predetermined classes (or castes) based on intelligence and labour. Lenina Crowne, a hatchery worker, is popular and sexually desirable, but Bernard Marx, a psychologist, is not. He is shorter in stature than the boilerplate member of his loftier caste, which gives him an inferiority complex. His work with slumber-learning allows him to empathise, and disapprove of, his society'due south methods of keeping its citizens peaceful, which includes their constant consumption of a soothing, happiness-producing drug called Soma. Courting disaster, Bernard is vocal and big-headed almost his criticisms, and his dominate contemplates exiling him to Iceland because of his nonconformity. His only friend is Helmholtz Watson, a gifted writer who finds it hard to use his talents creatively in their pain-free gild.

Bernard takes a holiday with Lenina outside the Globe State to a Savage Reservation in New Mexico, in which the ii observe natural-built-in people, affliction, the ageing process, other languages, and religious lifestyles for the first time. The culture of the village folk resembles the gimmicky Native American groups of the region, descendants of the Anasazi, including the Puebloan peoples of Hopi and Zuni.^[23] Bernard and Lenina witness a trigger-happy public ritual and so encounter Linda, a woman originally from the World Land who is living on the reservation with her son John, now a boyfriend. She, likewise, visited the reservation on a vacation many years agone, but became separated from her group and was left backside. She had meanwhile get meaning past a beau-holidaymaker (who is revealed to be Bernard's boss, the Director of Hatcheries and Workout). She did not endeavor to render to the Globe State, because of her shame at her pregnancy. Despite spending his whole life in the reservation, John has never been accepted by the villagers, and his and Linda'south lives have been hard and unpleasant. Linda has taught John to read, although from the merely volume in her possession—a scientific manual and some other book John found: the complete works of Shakespeare. Ostracised past the villagers, John is able to articulate his feelings simply in terms of Shakespearean drama, quoting often from The Tempest, Male monarch Lear, Othello, Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. Linda now wants to render to London, and John, too, wants to see this "brave new earth". Bernard sees an opportunity to thwart plans to exile him, and gets permission to take Linda and John back. On their return to London, John meets the Director and calls him his "father", a vulgarity which causes a roar of laughter. The humiliated Director resigns in shame earlier he tin follow through with exiling Bernard.

Bernard, equally "custodian" of the "roughshod" John who is now treated as a celebrity, is fawned on by the highest members of social club and revels in attention he once scorned. Bernard's popularity is fleeting, though, and he becomes envious that John merely really bonds with the literary-minded Helmholtz. Considered hideous and friendless, Linda spends all her time using soma, while John refuses to attend social events organised by Bernard, appalled past what he perceives to exist an empty society. Lenina and John are physically attracted to each other, simply John's view of courtship and romance, based on Shakespeare'southward writings, is utterly incompatible with Lenina's freewheeling attitude to sex. She tries to seduce him, but he attacks her, earlier suddenly being informed that his mother is on her deathbed. He rushes to Linda's bedside, causing a scandal, as this is not the "correct" attitude to death. Some children who enter the ward for "death-workout" come across as disrespectful to John until he attacks one physically. He then tries to intermission up a distribution of soma to a lower-degree grouping, telling them that he is freeing them. Helmholtz and Bernard rush in to terminate the ensuing anarchism, which the constabulary quell by spraying soma vapor into the crowd.

Bernard, Helmholtz, and John are all brought before Mustapha Mond, the "Resident World Controller for Western Europe", who tells Bernard and Helmholtz that they are to be exiled to islands for antisocial activity. Bernard pleads for a 2d chance, only Helmholtz welcomes the opportunity to be a truthful individual, and chooses the Falkland Islands every bit his destination, assertive that their bad weather will inspire his writing. Mond tells Helmholtz that exile is actually a reward. The islands are full of the most interesting people in the world, individuals who did not fit into the social model of the World State. Mond outlines for John the events that led to the present order and his arguments for a caste system and social command. John rejects Mond'south arguments, and Mond sums upwards John's views by claiming that John demands "the correct to be unhappy". John asks if he may become to the islands as well, only Mond refuses, proverb he wishes to run across what happens to John next.

Jaded with his new life, John moves to an abased hilltop lighthouse, near the village of Puttenham, where he intends to adopt a alone austere lifestyle in club to purify himself of culture, practising cocky-flagellation. This draws reporters and eventually hundreds of amazed sightseers, hoping to witness his bizarre behaviour.

For a while information technology seems that John might be left alone, after the public's attention is drawn to other diversions, but a documentary maker has secretly filmed John's self-flagellation from a distance, and when released the documentary causes an international sensation. Helicopters arrive with more journalists. Crowds of people descend on John'due south retreat, enervating that he perform his whipping ritual for them. From one helicopter a young adult female emerges who is implied to be Lenina. John, at the sight of a woman he both adores and loathes, whips at her in a fury and so turns the whip on himself, heady the oversupply, whose wild behaviour transforms into a soma-fuelled orgy. The next forenoon John awakes on the ground and is consumed by remorse over his participation in the night's events.

That evening, a swarm of helicopters appears on the horizon, the story of last nighttime'south orgy having been in all the papers. The first onlookers and reporters to arrive find that John is dead. John, although madly in dear with Lenina, was non able to conduct her promiscuity, and, existence constantly disturbed past visitors, he had hanged himself.

Characters [edit]

Bernard Marx, a slumber-learning specialist at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. Although Bernard is an Alpha-Plus (the upper class of the guild), he is a misfit. He is unusually curt for an Alpha; an declared blow with alcohol in Bernard's blood-surrogate before his decanting has left him slightly stunted. Bernard's independence of listen stems more than from his inferiority complex and depressive nature than from any depth of philosophical confidence. Unlike his boyfriend utopians, Bernard is often aroused, resentful, and jealous. At times, he is too cowardly and hypocritical. His conditioning is conspicuously incomplete. He doesn't enjoy communal sports, solidarity services, or promiscuous sexual activity. He doesn't even become much joy out of soma. Bernard is in dearest with Lenina simply he doesn't like her sleeping with other men, even though "everyone belongs to anybody else". Bernard's triumphant return to utopian civilization with John the Cruel from the Reservation precipitates the downfall of the Manager, who had been planning to exile him. Bernard'southward triumph is brusque-lived; he is ultimately banished to an island for his non-conformist behaviour.

John, the illicit son of the Director and Linda, born and reared on the Savage Reservation ("Malpais") later Linda was unwittingly left backside past her errant lover. John ("the Savage" or "Mr. Fell", as he is often called) is an outsider both on the Reservation—where the natives still practice marriage, natural birth, family life and organized religion—and the ostensibly civilised World Country, based on principles of stability and happiness. He has read nothing just the complete works of William Shakespeare, which he quotes extensively, and, for the most part, aptly, though his innuendo to the "Brave New World" (Miranda's words in The Tempest) takes on a darker and bitterly ironic resonance as the novel unfolds. John is intensely moral co-ordinate to a lawmaking that he has been taught past Shakespeare and life in Malpais just is also naïve: his views are as imported into his own consciousness as are the hypnopedic letters of World Land citizens. The admonishments of the men of Malpais taught him to regard his mother equally a whore; but he cannot grasp that these were the same men who continually sought her out despite their supposedly sacred pledges of monogamy. Because he is unwanted in Malpais, he accepts the invitation to travel back to London and is initially astonished past the comforts of the World State. However, he remains committed to values that exist only in his verse. He first spurns Lenina for declining to alive upwardly to his Shakespearean ideal and and then the entire utopian society: he asserts that its technological wonders and consumerism are poor substitutes for individual freedom, human dignity and personal integrity. After his mother'south death, he becomes deeply distressed with grief, surprising onlookers in the hospital. He then withdraws himself from society and attempts to purify himself of "sin" (desire), but is unable to exercise so. He finds himself gathering a lot of problem for both his body and listen. He soon does not realize what is real or what is fake, what he does and what he does not do. Soon everything he thinks nigh or feels just becomes blurred and unrecognizable. Finally he hangs himself in despair.

Helmholtz Watson, a handsome and successful Alpha-Plus lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering and a friend of Bernard. He feels unfulfilled writing countless propaganda doggerel, and the stifling conformism and philistinism of the World Country make him restive. Helmholtz is ultimately exiled to the Falkland Islands—a cold asylum for disaffected Alpha-Plus non-conformists—subsequently reading a heretical poem to his students on the virtues of solitude and helping John destroy some Deltas' rations of soma following Linda'southward decease. Unlike Bernard, he takes his exile in his footstep and comes to view information technology as an opportunity for inspiration in his writing.

Lenina Crowne, a immature, beautiful fetus technician at the Key London Hatchery and Workout Centre. She is office of the 30% of the female population that are not freemartins (sterile women). Lenina is promiscuous and pop but somewhat quirky in her society: she had a four-month relation with Henry Foster, choosing not to accept sex activity with anyone but him for a period of time. She is basically happy and well-conditioned, using soma to suppress unwelcome emotions, as is expected. Lenina has a engagement with Bernard, to whom she feels ambivalently attracted, and she goes to the Reservation with him. On returning to civilisation, she tries and fails to seduce John the Savage. John loves and desires Lenina but he is repelled by her forwardness and the prospect of pre-marital sex, rejecting her equally an "impudent strumpet". Lenina visits John at the lighthouse but he attacks her with a whip, unwittingly inciting onlookers to do the same. Her exact fate is left unspecified.

Mustapha Mond, Resident Globe Controller of Western Europe, "His Fordship" Mustapha Mond presides over i of the x zones of the World State, the global government set up after the cataclysmic Nine Years' War and great Economic Collapse. Sophisticated and good-natured, Mond is an urbane and hyperintelligent advocate of the Earth State and its ethos of "Customs, Identity, Stability". Among the novel's characters, he is uniquely enlightened of the precise nature of the society he oversees and what it has given upward to accomplish its gains. Mond argues that fine art, literature, and scientific freedom must be sacrificed to secure the ultimate commonsensical goal of maximising societal happiness. He defends the caste system, behavioural conditioning, and the lack of personal freedom in the World State: these, he says, are a toll worth paying for achieving social stability, the highest social virtue because it leads to lasting happiness.

Fanny Crowne, Lenina Crowne's friend (they have the same last name considering only x thousand terminal names are in apply in a Globe Land comprising two billion people). Fanny voices the conventional values of her caste and society, particularly the importance of promiscuity: she advises Lenina that she should have more than than 1 man in her life because it is unseemly to concentrate on only one. Fanny and so, still, warns Lenina abroad from a new lover whom she considers undeserving, still she is ultimately supportive of the immature woman's attraction to the fell John.

Henry Foster, 1 of Lenina'due south many lovers, he is a perfectly conventional Blastoff male, casually discussing Lenina's body with his coworkers. His success with Lenina, and his coincidental attitude almost it, infuriate the jealous Bernard. Henry ultimately proves himself every flake the platonic World State citizen, finding no backbone to defend Lenina from John's assaults despite having maintained an uncommonly longstanding sexual relationship with her.

Benito Hoover, some other of Lenina'due south lovers. She remembers that he is especially hairy when he takes his clothes off.

The Manager of Hatcheries and Workout (DHC), also known as Thomas "Tomakin" Grahambell, he is the ambassador of the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, where he is a threatening figure who intends to exile Bernard to Iceland. His plans take an unexpected plough, even so, when Bernard returns from the Reservation with Linda (see below) and John, a child they both realize is actually his. This fact, scandalous and obscene in the Earth Land, non because information technology was extramarital (which all sexual acts are), but considering it was procreative, leads the Managing director to resign his postal service in shame.

Linda , John'due south mother, decanted as a Beta-Minus in the Earth State, originally worked in the DHC's Fertilizing Room, and subsequently lost during a storm while visiting the New Mexico Roughshod Reservation with the Director many years before the events of the novel. Despite following her usual precautions, Linda became pregnant with the Director's son during their time together and was therefore unable to return to the World State by the fourth dimension that she found her style to Malpais. Having been conditioned to the promiscuous social norms of the Earth Land, Linda finds herself at one time popular with every homo in the pueblo (because she is open up to all sexual advances) and besides reviled for the aforementioned reason, seen as a whore by the wives of the men who visit her and by the men themselves (who come up to her nonetheless). Her simply comforts there are mescal brought by Popé as well as peyotl. Linda is desperate to render to the Earth State and to soma, wanting nothing more from her remaining life than comfort until expiry.

The Arch-Community-Songster, the secular equivalent of the Archbishop of Canterbury in the World Country society. He takes personal offense when John refuses to attend Bernard's party.

The Director of Crematoria and Phosphorus Reclamation, i of the many disappointed, important figures to attend Bernard's party.

The Warden, an Alpha-Minus, the talkative main ambassador for the New Mexico Savage Reservation. He is blond, brusque, broad-shouldered, and has a booming voice.^[24]

Darwin Bonaparte, a "big game lensman" (i.east. filmmaker) who films John flogging himself. Darwin Bonaparte became known for two works: "feely of the gorillas' nuptials",^[25] and "Sperm Whale's Love-life".^[25] He had already made a name for himself^[26] but yet seeks more. He renews his fame past filming the savage, John, in his newest release "The Roughshod of Surrey".^[27] His name alludes to Charles Darwin and Napoleon Bonaparte.

Dr. Shaw, Bernard Marx's physician who consequently becomes the physician of both Linda and John. He prescribes a lethal dose of soma to Linda, which will cease her respiratory system from functioning in a span of ane to two months, at her own bidding just not without protest from John. Ultimately, they all concur that it is for the all-time, since denying her this asking would crusade more trouble for Society and Linda herself.

Dr. Gaffney, Provost of Eton, an Upper School for high-caste individuals. He shows Bernard and John around the classrooms, and the Hypnopaedic Command Room (used for behavioural conditioning through sleep learning). John asks if the students read Shakespeare just the Provost says the library contains only reference books considering lonely activities, such as reading, are discouraged.

Miss Keate, Caput Mistress of Eton Upper School. Bernard fancies her, and arranges an assignation with her.^[28]

Others [edit]

• Freemartins, women who take been deliberately made sterile past exposure to male hormones during fetal development simply still physically normal except for "the slightest trend to grow beards." In the book, government policy requires freemartins to form seventy% of the female person population.

Of Malpais [edit]

• Popé, a native of Malpais. Although he reinforces the behaviour that causes hatred for Linda in Malpais by sleeping with her and bringing her mescal, he still holds the traditional beliefs of his tribe. In his early years John attempted to impale him, merely Popé brushed off his effort and sent him fleeing. He gave Linda a copy of the Complete Works of Shakespeare. (Historically, Popé or Po'pay was a Tewa religious leader who led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 against Spanish colonial rule.)
• Mitsima, an elder tribal shaman who also teaches John survival skills such every bit rudimentary ceramics (specifically coil pots, which were traditional to Native American tribes) and bow-making.
• Kiakimé, a native girl who John fell for, but is instead eventually wednesday to some other boy from Malpais.
• Kothlu, a native boy with whom Kiakimé is wed.

Background figures [edit]

These are not-fictional and factual characters who lived before the events in this book, just are of note in the novel:

• Henry Ford, who has get a messianic figure to the Globe State. "Our Ford" is used in place of "Our Lord", as a credit to popularising the use of the assembly line.
• Sigmund Freud, "Our Freud" is sometimes said in place of "Our Ford" because Freud's psychoanalytic method depends implicitly upon the rules of classical conditioning,^{[ commendation needed ]} and because Freud popularised the idea that sexual activeness is essential to human being happiness. (It is likewise strongly implied that citizens of the World Country believe Freud and Ford to exist the same person.)^[29]
• H. Yard. Wells, "Dr. Wells", British writer and utopian socialist, whose book Men Like Gods was a motivation for Brave New Earth. "All's well that ends Wells", wrote Huxley in his letters, criticising Wells for anthropological assumptions Huxley found unrealistic.
• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, whose conditioning techniques are used to train infants.
• William Shakespeare, whose banned works are quoted throughout the novel by John, "the Vicious". The plays quoted include Macbeth, The Tempest, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear, Troilus and Cressida, Measure out for Measure and Othello. Mustapha Mond also knows them because as a World Controller he has access to a selection of books from throughout history, including the Bible.
• Thomas Robert Malthus, 19th century British economist, believed the people of the Earth would eventually exist threatened by their inability to enhance plenty food to feed the population. In the novel, the eponymous character devises the contraceptive techniques (Malthusian chugalug) that are proficient past women of the World State.
• Reuben Rabinovitch, the Polish-Jew grapheme on whom the effects of sleep-learning, hypnopædia, are showtime observed.
• John Henry Newman, 19th century Cosmic theologian and educator, believed academy education the critical element in advancing post-industrial Western civilisation. Mustapha Mond and The Savage discuss a passage from 1 of Newman's books.
• Alfred Mond, British industrialist, financier and politician. He is the namesake of Mustapha Mond.^[thirty]
• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first President of Commonwealth of Turkey. Naming Mond afterwards Atatürk links upwards with their characteristics, he reigned during the time Brave New Earth was written and revolutionised the 'former' Ottoman state into a new nation.^[thirty]

Sources of names and references [edit]

The limited number of names that the World Land assigned to its bottle-grown citizens can be traced to political and cultural figures who contributed to the bureaucratic, economical, and technological systems of Huxley'south age, and presumably those systems in Brave New World.^[31]

• Soma: Huxley took the name for the drug used by the country to control the population after the Vedic ritual drink Soma, inspired past his interest in Indian mysticism.
• Malthusian chugalug: A contraceptive device worn past women. When Huxley was writing Dauntless New World, organizations such as the Malthusian League had spread throughout Europe, advocating contraception. Although the controversial economical theory of Malthusianism was derived from an essay by Thomas Malthus almost the economic furnishings of population growth, Malthus himself was an advocate of abstinence rather than contraception.

Critical reception [edit]

Upon publication, Rebecca Westward praised Brave New World as "The most accomplished novel Huxley has notwithstanding written",^[32] Joseph Needham lauded information technology every bit "Mr. Huxley's remarkable book",^[33] and Bertrand Russell too praised information technology, stating, "Mr. Aldous Huxley has shown his usual masterly skill in Brave New Earth."^[34]

Nevertheless, Brave New Globe also received negative responses from other contemporary critics, although his work was later embraced.^[35]

In an article in the four May 1935 result of the Illustrated London News, 1000. K. Chesterton explained that Huxley was revolting against the "Historic period of Utopias". Much of the discourse on man's futurity before 1914 was based on the thesis that humanity would solve all economic and social issues. In the decade following the war the discourse shifted to an examination of the causes of the catastrophe. The works of H. Thou. Wells and George Bernard Shaw on the promises of socialism and a World State were then viewed as the ideas of naive optimists. Chesterton wrote:

After the Age of Utopias came what we may call the American Age, lasting as long every bit the Smash. Men like Ford or Mond seemed to many to have solved the social riddle and made commercialism the common expert. But it was not native to united states of america; it went with a buoyant, not to say blatant optimism, which is not our negligent or negative optimism. Much more than than Victorian righteousness, or even Victorian cocky-righteousness, that optimism has driven people into cynicism. For the Slump brought even more disillusionment than the State of war. A new bitterness, and a new bewilderment, ran through all social life, and was reflected in all literature and art. It was contemptuous, not only of the one-time Capitalism, merely of the onetime Socialism. Brave New World is more of a revolution against Utopia than against Victoria.^[36]

Similarly, in 1944 economist Ludwig von Mises described Brave New World as a satire of utopian predictions of socialism: "Aldous Huxley was even courageous plenty to make socialism'south dreamed paradise the target of his sardonic irony."^[37]

Fordism and order [edit]

The World State is congenital upon the principles of Henry Ford'due south assembly line: mass product, homogeneity, predictability, and consumption of disposable consumer goods. While the Globe Country lacks any supernatural-based religions, Ford himself is revered equally the creator of their society but not equally a deity, and characters gloat Ford Day and swear oaths by his proper name (east.g., "By Ford!"). In this sense, some fragments of traditional faith are present, such as Christian crosses, which had their tops cut off to be changed to a "T", representing the Ford Model T. In England, there is an Curvation-Community-Songster of Canterbury, plainly continuing the Archbishop of Canterbury, and in America The Christian Science Monitor continues publication equally The Fordian Scientific discipline Monitor. The World Land calendar numbers years in the "AF" era—"Anno Ford"—with the agenda beginning in AD 1908, the year in which Ford's starting time Model T rolled off his assembly line. The novel's Gregorian agenda twelvemonth is AD 2540, but it is referred to in the book as AF 632.^{[ citation needed ]}

From birth, members of every class are indoctrinated past recorded voices repeating slogans while they sleep (chosen "hypnopædia" in the book) to believe their own grade is superior, merely that the other classes perform needed functions. Whatsoever residual unhappiness is resolved by an antidepressant and hallucinogenic drug called soma.

The biological techniques used to control the populace in Brave New World practise not include genetic engineering; Huxley wrote the book before the structure of Dna was known. However, Gregor Mendel's work with inheritance patterns in peas had been rediscovered in 1900 and the eugenics motility, based on bogus selection, was well established. Huxley's family included a number of prominent biologists including Thomas Huxley, half-blood brother and Nobel Laureate Andrew Huxley, and his blood brother Julian Huxley who was a biologist and involved in the eugenics movement. Nonetheless, Huxley emphasises conditioning over breeding (nurture versus nature); human embryos and fetuses are conditioned through a advisedly designed regimen of chemical (such every bit exposure to hormones and toxins), thermal (exposure to intense heat or common cold, as i's future career would dictate), and other environmental stimuli, although there is an element of selective breeding also.

Comparisons with George Orwell's Nineteen Lxxx-4 [edit]

In a letter to George Orwell about Nineteen Eighty-Four, Huxley wrote "Whether in actual fact the policy of the boot-on-the-face can go on indefinitely seems hundred-to-one. My own belief is that the ruling oligarchy volition find less arduous and wasteful ways of governing and of satisfying its animalism for power, and these means will resemble those which I described in Brave New Globe."^[38] He went on to write "Within the next generation I believe that the world'due south rulers will discover that infant workout and narco-hypnosis are more efficient, every bit instruments of regime, than clubs and prisons, and that the animalism for power can exist just as completely satisfied by suggesting people into loving their servitude as by flogging and kicking them into obedience."^[38]

Social critic Neil Postman contrasted the worlds of Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World in the foreword of his 1985 book Amusing Ourselves to Death. He writes:

What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that there would be no reason to ban a volume, for there would be no one who wanted to read 1. Orwell feared those who would deprive u.s.a. of data. Huxley feared those who would give us and so much that we would be reduced to passivity and egoism. Orwell feared that the truth would be concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would be drowned in a bounding main of irrelevance. Orwell feared we would get a convict culture. Huxley feared we would get a niggling culture, preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies, the orgy porgy, and the centrifugal bumblepuppy. As Huxley remarked in Dauntless New Globe Revisited, the civil libertarians and rationalists who are always on the alert to oppose tyranny "failed to take into account man'due south almost infinite ambition for distractions." In 1984, Huxley added, people are controlled past inflicting pain. In Brave New Earth, they are controlled by inflicting pleasure. In short, Orwell feared that what we hate volition ruin u.s.. Huxley feared that what we love volition ruin us.

Journalist Christopher Hitchens, who himself published several articles on Huxley and a book on Orwell, noted the difference betwixt the two texts in the introduction to his 1999 commodity "Why Americans Are Non Taught History":

We dwell in a present-tense culture that somehow, significantly, decided to employ the telling expression "You lot're history" every bit a choice reprobation or insult, and thus elected to speak forgotten volumes most itself. By that standard, the forbidding dystopia of George Orwell'southward Nineteen Eighty-Four already belongs, both as a text and every bit a date, with Ur and Mycenae, while the hedonist nihilism of Huxley still beckons toward a painless, amusement-sodden, and stress-gratuitous consensus. Orwell's was a house of horrors. He seemed to strain credulity because he posited a authorities that would get to any lengths to ain and possess history, to rewrite and construct it, and to inculcate information technology by ways of compulsion. Whereas Huxley ... rightly foresaw that any such regime could interruption considering information technology could non bend. In 1988, 4 years after 1984, the Soviet Matrimony scrapped its official history curriculum and announced that a newly authorized version was somewhere in the works. This was the precise moment when the regime conceded its own extinction. For true blissed-out and vacant servitude, though, you demand an otherwise sophisticated society where no serious history is taught.^[39]

Brave New Earth Revisited [edit]

In 1946, Huxley wrote in the foreword of the new edition of Brave New World:

If I were now to rewrite the book, I would offering the Vicious a third alternative. Between the Utopian and primitive horns of his dilemma would prevarication the possibility of sanity... In this community economics would be decentralist and Henry-Georgian, politics Kropotkinesque and co-operative. Scientific discipline and technology would be used as though, similar the Sabbath, they had been made for human, non (as at present and still more so in the Brave New World) as though man were to be adapted and enslaved to them. Organized religion would be the witting and intelligent pursuit of man'south Final End, the unitive knowledge of immanent Tao or Logos, the transcendent Godhead or Brahman. And the prevailing philosophy of life would be a kind of Higher Utilitarianism, in which the Greatest Happiness principle would be secondary to the Final End principle—the start question to be asked and answered in every contingency of life being: "How will this thought or action contribute to, or interfere with, the achievement, by me and the greatest possible number of other individuals, of man's Final End?"^[40]

Brave New World Revisited (Harper & Brothers, US, 1958; Chatto & Windus, UK, 1959),^[41] written by Huxley almost thirty years subsequently Dauntless New Globe, is a non-fiction piece of work in which Huxley considered whether the globe had moved toward or abroad from his vision of the hereafter from the 1930s. He believed when he wrote the original novel that it was a reasonable guess equally to where the world might go in the futurity. In Brave New World Revisited, he concluded that the world was becoming similar Dauntless New World much faster than he originally thought.

Huxley analysed the causes of this, such as overpopulation, as well as all the means by which populations tin be controlled. He was particularly interested in the effects of drugs and subliminal suggestion. Brave New Globe Revisited is different in tone because of Huxley'south evolving thought, as well as his conversion to Hindu Vedanta in the interim between the two books.

The final chapter of the book aims to propose activeness which could be taken to prevent a republic from turning into the totalitarian world described in Brave New World. In Huxley's concluding novel, Island, he again expounds similar ideas to describe a utopian nation, which is generally viewed as a analogue to Brave New World.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Censorship [edit]

Co-ordinate to American Library Clan, Brave New Earth has often been banned and challenged in the United States due to insensitivity, offensive language, nudity, racism, conflict with a religious viewpoint, and beingness sexually explicit.^[42] It landed on the list of the top x most challenged books in 2010 (iii) and 2011 (7).^[42] The book likewise secured a spot on the clan's list of the top ane hundred challenged books for 1990-1999 (54),^[5] 2000-2009 (36),^[6] and 2010-2019 (26).^[vii]

The following include specific instances of when the book has been censored, banned, or challenged:

• In 1932, the book was banned in Ireland for its language, and for supposedly being anti-family and anti-organized religion.^{[43] [44]}
• In 1965, a Maryland English instructor alleged that he was fired for assigning Brave New World to students. The teacher sued for violation of Outset Amendment rights but lost both his case and the appeal.^[45]
• The volume was banned in Bharat in 1967, with Huxley accused of being a "pornographer".^[46]
• In 1980, it was removed from classrooms in Miller, Missouri amidst other challenges.^[47]
• The version of Brave New Earth Revisited published in China lacks explicit mentions of Communist china itself.^[48]

Influences and allegations of plagiarism [edit]

The English writer Rose Macaulay published What Not: A Prophetic Comedy in 1918. What Non depicts a dystopian future where people are ranked past intelligence, the government mandates listen training for all citizens, and procreation is regulated by the state.^[49] Macaulay and Huxley shared the same literary circles and he attended her weekly literary salons.

George Orwell believed that Brave New World must have been partly derived from the 1921 novel We past Russian author Yevgeny Zamyatin.^[l] Withal, in a 1962 letter to Christopher Collins, Huxley says that he wrote Brave New Globe long before he had heard of Nosotros.^[51] According to We translator Natasha Randall, Orwell believed that Huxley was lying.^[52] Kurt Vonnegut said that in writing Player Piano (1952), he "cheerfully ripped off the plot of Brave New Globe, whose plot had been cheerfully ripped off from Yevgeny Zamyatin'south We".^[53]

In 1982, Shine author Antoni Smuszkiewicz, in his analysis of Polish science-fiction Zaczarowana gra ("The Magic Game"), presented accusations of plagiarism confronting Huxley. Smuszkiewicz showed similarities between Brave New World and 2 science fiction novels written earlier by Polish author Mieczysław Smolarski, namely Miasto światłości ("The City of Light", 1924) and Podróż poślubna pana Hamiltona ("Mr Hamilton'due south Honeymoon Trip", 1928).^[54] Smuszkiewicz wrote in his open up letter to Huxley: "This work of a groovy author, both in the general depiction of the world besides as endless details, is and then like to two of my novels that in my opinion there is no possibility of adventitious analogy."^[55]

Kate Lohnes, writing for Encyclopædia Britannica, notes similarities between Brave New Earth and other novels of the era could exist seen as expressing "common fears surrounding the rapid advancement of technology and of the shared feelings of many tech-skeptics during the early 20th century". Other dystopian novels followed Huxley's work, including Orwell'southward Nineteen 80-4 (1949).^[56]

Legacy [edit]

In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World fifth on its listing of the 100 all-time English-language novels of the 20th century.^[two] In 2003, Robert McCrum writing for The Observer included Brave New World chronologically at number 53 in "the top 100 greatest novels of all time",^[3] and the novel was listed at number 87 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.^[four]

On 5 Nov 2019, the BBC News listed Brave New World on its list of the 100 about influential novels.^[57]

Adaptations [edit]

Theatre [edit]

• Dauntless New World (opened 4 September 2015) in co-production by Royal & Derngate, Northampton and Touring Consortium Theatre Company which toured the UK. The adaptation was by Dawn Male monarch, composed past These New Puritans and directed by James Dacre.

Radio [edit]

• Brave New Globe (radio broadcast) CBS Radio Workshop (27 January and 3 February 1956): music composed and conducted past Bernard Herrmann. Adapted for radio past William Froug. Introduced by William Conrad and narrated by Aldous Huxley. Featuring the voices of Joseph Kearns, Beak Idelson, Gloria Henry, Charlotte Lawrence,^[58] Byron Kane, Sam Edwards, Jack Kruschen, Vic Perrin, Lurene Tuttle, Herb Butterfield, Paul Hebert, Doris Singleton.^[59]
• Brave New World (radio circulate) BBC Radio4 (May 2013)
• Brave New World (radio broadcast) BBC Radio4 (22, 29 May 2016)

Film [edit]

• Brave New World (1980), a television movie directed by Burt Brinckerhoff
• Brave New Earth (1998), a television film directed by Leslie Libman and Larry Williams
• In 2009 a theatrical movie was announced to be in evolution, with collaboration between Ridley Scott and Leonardo DiCaprio.^[60] By May 2013 the projection was placed on hold.^[61]

Boob tube [edit]

In May 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Steven Spielberg's Amblin Television would bring Dauntless New World to Syfy network as a scripted serial, adapted past Les Bohem.^[62] The adaptation was eventually written by David Wiener with Grant Morrison and Brian Taylor, with the series ordered to air on United states Network in February 2019.^[63] The series eventually moved to the Peacock streaming service and premiered on fifteen July 2020.^[64] In Oct 2020, the series was canceled after 1 flavour.^[65]

Run into also [edit]

• The Abolition of Homo
• Blastoff (ethology)
• Anti-nationalism
• Anti-theism
• Anthem
• Artificial uterus
• Brain–computer interface
• Fetal booze spectrum disorder
• The Glass Fortress (2016 film)

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ "Dauntless New World Volume Details". fAR BookFinder . Retrieved 28 Nov 2016.
2. ^ ^{a b} "100 All-time Novels". Random House. 1999. Retrieved 23 June 2007. This ranking was by the Modern Library Editorial Lath of authors.
3. ^ ^{a b} McCrum, Robert (12 October 2003). "100 greatest novels of all fourth dimension". Guardian. London. Retrieved ten Oct 2012.
4. ^ ^{a b} "BBC – The Large Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 26 Oct 2012
5. ^ ^{a b} Role of Intellectual Freedom (26 March 2013). "100 most ofttimes challenged books: 1990-1999". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
6. ^ ^{a b} Part of Intellectual Freedom (26 March 2013). "Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009". American Library Clan. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
7. ^ ^{a b} Office of Intellectual Freedom (9 September 2020). "Top 100 Most Banned and Challenged Books: 2010-2019". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
8. ^ Anon. "Dauntless New World". In Our Fourth dimension. British Dissemination Corporation. Retrieved 9 Apr 2009.
9. ^ Bate, Jonathan; Rasmussen, Eric (2007). William Shakespeare: Consummate Works. The Regal Shakespeare Visitor. Main Associate Editor: Héloïse Sénéchal. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. p. 47. ISBN978-0-230-00350-7.
10. ^ Ira Grushow (October 1962). "Dauntless New Globe and The Tempest". College English. 24 (i): 42–45. doi:10.2307/373846. JSTOR 373846.
11. ^ Martine de Gaudemar (1995). La Notion de nature chez Leibniz: colloque. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 77. ISBN978-3-515-06631-0.
12. ^ Meckier, Jerome (1979). "A Neglected Huxley "Preface": His Earliest Synopsis of Brave New World". Twentieth Century Literature. 25 (1): one–20. doi:10.2307/441397. ISSN 0041-462X. JSTOR 441397.
13. ^ Murray, Nicholas (thirteen December 2003). "Nicholas Murray on his life of Huxley". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
14. ^ "A. Huxley in Sanary 1 - Introduction". www.sanary.com. Archived from the original on eleven January 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
15. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1969). "letter to Mrs. Kethevan Roberts, 18 May 1931". In Smith, Grover (ed.). Messages of Aldous Huxley. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row. p. 348. I am writing a novel nigh the futurity – on the horror of the Wellsian Utopia and a revolt against information technology. Very difficult. I accept hardly enough imagination to deal with such a subject area. But it is none the less interesting piece of work.
16. ^ Heje, Johan (2002). "Aldous Huxley". In Harris-Fain, Darren (ed.). British Fantasy and Science-Fiction Writers, 1918–1960. Detroit: Gale Group. p. 100. ISBN0-7876-5249-0.
17. ^ Lawrence biographer Frances Wilson writes that "the entire novel is saturated in Lawrence" and cites "Lawrence's New Mexico" in detail. Wilson, Frances (2021). Burning Human: The Trials of D.H. Lawrence, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pp. 404-405.
18. ^ Nathaniel Ward "The visions of Wells, Huxley and Orwell - why was the Twentieth Century impressed past Distopias rather than Utopias?" in Ophelia Ruddle (ed.) Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Multidisciplinary Round Table on Twentieth Century Culture"
19. ^ Haldane, J.B.South. (1924). Daedalus; or, Science and the Future.
20. ^ Dyson, Freeman (1976). Disturbing the Universe. Bones Books. Chapter 15.
21. ^ ^{a b c} Bradshaw, David (2004). "Introduction". In Huxley, Aldous (ed.). Brave New World (Print ed.). London, U.k.: Vintage.
22. ^ Huxley, Aldous. Brave New Globe (Vintage Classics ed.). ^{[ page needed ]}
23. ^ Meckier, Jerome (2002). "Aldous Huxley'south Americanization of the "Brave New World"" (PDF). Twentieth Century American Literature. 48 (4): 439. JSTOR 3176042. Retrieved 30 Dec 2021.
24. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New World. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 101. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
25. ^ ^{a b} Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New Earth. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 253. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
26. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1932). Dauntless New World. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 252. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
27. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1932). Dauntless New Globe. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 254. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
28. ^ Her name is a in-joke reference to John Keate, the notorious 19th century flogging headmaster of Eton.
29. ^ chapter 3, "Our Ford-or Our Freud, as, for some inscrutable reason, he chose to call himself whenever he spoke of psychological matters–Our Freud had been the first to reveal the bloodcurdling dangers of family life"
30. ^ ^{a b} Naughton, John (22 Nov 2013). "Aldous Huxley: the prophet of our brave new digital dystopia | John Naughton". The Guardian . Retrieved 7 October 2018.
31. ^ Meckier, Jerome (2006). "Onomastic Satire: Names and Naming in Brave New World". In Firchow, Peter Edgerly; Nugel, Bernfried (eds.). Aldous Huxley: modernistic satirical novelist of ideas. Lit Verlag. pp. 187ff. ISBN3-8258-9668-4. OCLC 71165436. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
32. ^ The Daily Telegraph, 5 February 1932. Reprinted in Donald Watt, "Aldous Huxley: The Critical Heritage. London; Routledge, 2013 ISBN 1136209697 (pp. 197–201).
33. ^ Scrutiny, May 1932 . Reprinted in Watt, (pp. 202–205).
34. ^ The New Leader, 11 March 1932. Reprinted in Watt, (pp. 210–13).
35. ^ Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Harper Perennial Modern Classics; Reprint edition (17 October 2006), P.S. Edition, ISBN 978-0-06-085052-iv  — "Almost the Book." — "Too Far Ahead of Its Time? The Contemporary Response to Brave New World (1932)" p. 8-11
36. ^ G.K. Chesterton, review in The Illustrated London News, iv May 1935
37. ^ Ludwig von Mises (1944). Bureaucracy, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p 110
38. ^ ^{a b} "Letters of Annotation: 1984 5. Brave New World". viii Feb 2020. Archived from the original on 8 Feb 2020. Retrieved eight February 2020.
39. ^ Christopher Hitchens, "Goodbye to All That: Why Americans Are Not Taught History." Harper'southward Magazine. November 1998, pp. 37–47.
40. ^ Huxley, Aldous (2005). Brave New Earth and Brave New World Revisited. Harper Perennial Mod Classics. p. 7. ISBN978-0060776091.
41. ^ "Dauntless New World Revisited – HUXLEY, Aldous | Between the Covers Rare Books". Betweenthecovers.com. Archived from the original on ix June 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
42. ^ ^{a b} Role of Intellectual Freedom (26 March 2013). "Peak ten Most Challenged Books Lists". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
43. ^ "Banned Books". Classiclit.about.com. 2 Nov 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
44. ^ "Banned Books". pcc.edu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
45. ^ Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. (2011). 120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of Globe Literature (2nd ed.). Checkmark Books. p. 472. ISBN978-0-8160-8232-two. In 1965, a teacher of English language in Maryland claimed that the local school board had violated his First Subpoena rights by firing him after he assigned Brave New World as a required reading in his class. The district court ruled against the teacher in Parker five. Board of Education, 237 F. Supp. 222 (D.Physician) and refused his request for reinstatement in the teaching position. When the case was later heard by the excursion court, Parker v. Board of Education, 348 F.2d 464 (4th Cir. 1965), the presiding gauge affirmed the ruling of the lower courtroom and included in the determination the stance that the nontenured status of the teacher accounted for the firing and not the assignment of a particular book.
46. ^ Sharma, Partap (1975). Razdan, C. K. (ed.). Blank breasts and Bare Bottoms: Anatomy of Film Censorship in India. Bombay: Jaico Publishing House. pp. 21–22.
47. ^ Sakmann, Lindsay. "Panthera leo: Banned Books Week: Banned BOOKS in the Library". library.albright.edu . Retrieved 18 June 2020.
48. ^ Hawkins, Amy; Wasserstrom, Jeffrey (13 Jan 2019). "Why 1984 Isn't Banned in China". The Atlantic . Retrieved 23 Nov 2021.
49. ^ Livni, Ephrat (19 December 2018). "A woman kickoff wrote the prescient ideas Huxley and Orwell made famous". Quartz . Retrieved 28 October 2020.
50. ^ Orwell, George (4 January 1946). "Review". Orwell Today. Tribune.
51. ^ Russell, Robert (1999). Zamiatin's We. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. p. xiii. ISBN978-1-85399-393-0.
52. ^ "Leonard Lopate Prove". WNYC. eighteen August 2006. Archived from the original on v Apr 2011. {{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (radio interview with We translator Natasha Randall)
53. ^ Playboy interview with Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, July 1973.
54. ^ Smuszkiewicz, Antoni (1982). Zaczarowana gra: zarys dziejów polskiej fantastyki naukowej (in Polish). Poznań: Wydawn. Poznanskie. OCLC 251929765. ^{[ page needed ]}
55. ^ "Nowiny Literackie" 1948 No. 4, p 7
56. ^ Kate Lohnes, Brave New Globe at the Encyclopædia Britannica
57. ^ "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts". BBC News. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long commemoration of literature.
58. ^ "Forgotten Actors: Charlotte Lawrence". Forgottenactors.blogspot.ca. four Dec 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
59. ^ Jones, Josh (20 November 2014). "Hear Aldous Huxley Read Dauntless New Globe. Plus 84 Classic Radio Dramas from CBS Radio Workshop (1956-57)". Open Culture. Retrieved 11 Baronial 2016.
60. ^ "Leonardo DiCaprio And Ridley Scott Team for 'Brave New World' Adaptation". Filmofilia. 9 Baronial 2009.
61. ^ Weintraub, Steve "Frosty". "Ridley Scott Talks PROMETHEUS, Viral Advertising, TRIPOLI, the Bract RUNNER Sequel, PROMETHEUS Sequels, More, May 31, 2012". Collider.
62. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (5 May 2015). "Steven Spielberg's Amblin, Syfy Adapting Classic Novel 'Brave New World' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
63. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (13 Feb 2019). "'Brave New World' Drama Based on Aldous Huxley Novel Moves From Syfy To USA With Serial Order". Deadline . Retrieved 13 February 2019.
64. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (17 September 2019). "NBCU Streamer Gets Name, Sets Slate of Reboots, 'Dr. Death', Ed Helms & Bister Ruffin Series, 'Parks & Rec'". Borderline . Retrieved 17 September 2019.
65. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (28 October 2020). "'Brave New World' Canceled Past Peacock After One Season". Deadline. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2021.

General bibliography [edit]

• Huxley, Aldous (1998). Brave New World (Showtime Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN0-06-092987-i.
• Huxley, Aldous (2005). Dauntless New World and Brave New World Revisited (First Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN0-06-077609-ix.
• Huxley, Aldous (2000). Brave New World Revisited (First Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN0-06-095551-1.
• Postman, Neil (1985). Agreeable Ourselves to Death: Public Soapbox in the Historic period of Show Business. The states: Penguin Usa. ISBN0-670-80454-i.
• Higgins, Charles; Higgins, Regina (2000). Cliff Notes on Huxley's Brave New Earth. New York: Wiley Publishing. ISBN0-7645-8583-5.
• Russell, Robert (1999). Zamiatin'due south We. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. ISBN978-one-85399-393-0.

External links [edit]

• Brave New Globe title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Dauntless New World at Faded Page (Canada)
• Dauntless New World Revisited at Faded Page (Canada)
• 1957 interview with Huxley every bit he reflects on his life work and the significant of Brave New World
• Aldous Huxley: Bioethics and Reproductive Issues
• Aldous Huxley's Brave New World: BBC Radio four In Our Time discussion
• Literapedia page for Brave New Globe
• Brave New Earth? A Defence force Of Paradise-Technology, a critical analysis by David Pearce (besides available as a video recording)
• The Huxley Trap (The New York Times; xiv November 2018)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World

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